{"id":281,"date":"2007-04-27T05:47:11","date_gmt":"2007-04-27T09:47:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/birlikdayanisma.com\/v3\/?p=281"},"modified":"2009-05-06T05:49:33","modified_gmt":"2009-05-06T09:49:33","slug":"1-mayisin-tarihsel-kokeni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birlikdayanisma.com\/v3\/2007\/04\/1-mayisin-tarihsel-kokeni\/","title":{"rendered":"1 May\u0131s’\u0131n tarihsel k\u00f6keni"},"content":{"rendered":"

Erhan KAPLAN<\/span>
\nNisan 2007<\/span><\/p>\n

Bizi G\u00fcn Do\u011fumundan G\u00fcn Bat\u0131m\u0131na Kadar \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ramayacaks\u0131n\u0131z<\/span><\/p>\n

Yine 1 May\u0131s g\u00fcnleri yakla\u015f\u0131yor. Y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n zamand\u0131r kutlanan, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n en \u201ck\u00fcresel\u201d bayram\u0131 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda yine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fkuyla ge\u00e7irilecek. 1 May\u0131s’\u0131n an\u0131lmas\u0131na ve kutlanmas\u0131na vesile olan haklar kapitalist \u00fclkelerin bile \u00e7o\u011funda art\u0131k yerle\u015fik hale geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in, kimi \u00fclkelerde sadece bir avu\u00e7 insan\u0131n, kimi \u00fclkelerde ise milyonlar\u0131n sokaklara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p ne\u015feyle kutlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00fcn olacak. Kimi yerlerde e\u011flenceler d\u00fczenlenecek, festivaller yap\u0131lacak. Kimilerinde ise barikatlar kurulacak. Kimi \u00fclkelerde t\u00fcm sendikalar ve partiler ayn\u0131 yerde toplanacak, kimilerinde ise her parti, her sendika sadece kendi yanda\u015flar\u0131yla kutlamay\u0131 tercih edecek.
\nKimileri ise, b\u00f6ylesi \u015fenlik, festival, kutlama, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f, m\u00fccadele g\u00fcn\u00fc gibi etkinliklerle hi\u00e7 ilgileri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyecekler. Bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerin ortak noktas\u0131n\u0131 ise, 1 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r \u201cresmi tatil\u201d olarak belirlenmesi olu\u015fturacak.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki, her \u00fclkede her zaman \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n birlik, m\u00fccadele ve dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d 1 May\u0131s, bir bayram havas\u0131nda ge\u00e7miyor. H\u00e2l\u00e2 kutlamalardan korkan, eme\u011fiyle ge\u00e7inenlerin ortakla\u015fa yapaca\u011f\u0131 etkinlikleri engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00fclkeler var. Sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm g\u00f6sterilerine alabildi\u011fine a\u00e7\u0131lan meydanlar ve salonlar, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve sendikalar\u0131n taleplerine kapat\u0131lmak isteniyor. B\u0131rak\u0131n resmi tatil olmay\u0131, yani i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fsiz, ev kad\u0131n\u0131 gibi t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 kapsamas\u0131n\u0131, bu hakk\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle bile elde edememi\u015f \u00fclkeler var. Bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra, sadece resmi tatil olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmakla kal\u0131nm\u0131yor, kimi \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6steriler d\u00fczenlenmesine bile kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

1 May\u0131s m\u00fccadelesi, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak do\u011fu\u015fundan bu yana ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7inde, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen m\u00fccadelenin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. 1 May\u0131s\u0131 do\u011furan taleplerin, yani daha az \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma talebinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n en ay\u0131rt edici siyasal \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Bu nedenle de, 1 May\u0131s m\u00fccadelesinin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131, eme\u011fiyle ge\u00e7inen herkesin yarar\u0131na olmu\u015ftur. Bu herkes kategorisine, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine en uzak olan kesimler bile dahildir.<\/p>\n

1 May\u0131s de\u011ferlendirmesini birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z iki ayr\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm halinde ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde 1 May\u0131s’\u0131n nas\u0131l do\u011fdu\u011funu, hangi uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ana g\u00fcndemi haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve son olarak 1 May\u0131s kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zet olarak \u00fclkemizdeki seyrini inceleyece\u011fiz. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n birlik, m\u00fccadele, dayan\u0131\u015fma bayram\u0131 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n \u015fu anda hangi \u00fclkelerde emek\u00e7ilerin elde etti\u011fi resmi tatil hakk\u0131 olarak kutland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktaraca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Daha K\u0131sa \u0130\u015f G\u00fcn\u00fc M\u00fccadelesi<\/span>
\n1 May\u0131s’\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin daha az \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak istemeleriyle, yani daha k\u0131sa i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fccadelesiyle ayr\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcreler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma talepleri neredeyse fabrika sisteminin do\u011fu\u015fu kadar eskidir. Asl\u0131nda, tahmin edilebilece\u011fi gibi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ilk direni\u015fleri pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede do\u011fal olarak \u201cdaha fazla \u00fccret\u201d talebiyle yap\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat, daha k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme hakk\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi de i\u015f\u00e7ilerin patronlardan elde etmeyi istedikleri haklar aras\u0131nda daima en ba\u015fta yer al\u0131yordu. S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn en ac\u0131mas\u0131z bi\u00e7imleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi neredeyse g\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kaplamaya ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00fccret talebinden daha \u00e7ok, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin makul d\u00fczeylere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesine yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

1800’l\u00fc y\u0131llar boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saati \u201cg\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d<\/span> esas\u0131na g\u00f6re belirleniyordu. Yani, yazlar\u0131 on sekiz saati bulan, k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ise on be\u015f saatten az olmayan bir i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc vard\u0131. Sabahlar\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fu\u015fuyla ba\u015flayan, ak\u015famlar\u0131 ise g\u00fcne\u015f batmadan sona ermeyen bir mesai \u015fekli \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Hatta, i\u015fe girerken i\u015f\u00e7ilere imzalat\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, g\u00fcnde ondokuz yirmi saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerde 1830’lu ve 40’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctleri genel olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin on saate d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi talebini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Tabii, o y\u0131llarda h\u00e2l\u00e2 eski k\u00f6lelik g\u00fcnlerindeki gibi, g\u00fcn\u00fcn on sekiz, yirmi saati \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle, sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc talebi kapitalizmin geli\u015fti\u011fi her yerde y\u00fckseliyordu. \u201cSekiz saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, sekiz saat sosyal hayat, sekiz saat dinlenme ve uyku\u201d<\/span> slogan\u0131 Avustralya i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin de kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir talebe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Avustralya i\u015f\u00e7ileri bu hakk\u0131 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Tek tek sendikalar\u0131n veya i\u015f\u00e7i birliklerinin talebi olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, do\u011frudan 1 May\u0131s’\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan 8 Saat Hareketi 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD’de y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal bir hareket olarak ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak, bundan bir nesil \u00f6nce, 1866 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda, Birinci Enternasyonalden etkilenen Ulusal Emek Birli\u011fi, kurulu\u015f kongresinde \u201cBu \u00fclkenin i\u015f\u00e7ilerini kapitalist k\u00f6lelikten kurtarmak i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde at\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken birincil ve en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m, Amerika’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn eyaletlerinde normal i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn 8 saat olarak belirlenmesidir\u201d<\/span> karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, ayn\u0131 bildirgede, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bu ama\u00e7la ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z politik m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fctmesinin de gerek \u015fart oldu\u011fu belirtildi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda ise, Birinci Enternasyonalin Cenevre Kongre kararlar\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 talep \u201cg\u00fcnl\u00fck yasal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 8 saati a\u015famaz\u201d<\/span> \u015feklinde yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu arada, Amerikan Emek Federasyonunun (AFL), 7 Ekim 1884 tarihinde \u015eikago’da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc kongresinde, \u201cABD ve Kanada Sendikalar Federasyonu, sekiz saatin 1 May\u0131s 1886 tarihinden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere g\u00fcnl\u00fck yasal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi olarak belirlenmesini karar alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ve biz t\u00fcm \u00fcye emek \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine, kendi yetki alanlar\u0131 dahilinde, sendika i\u00e7 t\u00fcz\u00fcklerini bu tarihe kadar bu karara uygun hale getirmelerini tavsiye ederiz\u201d<\/span> \u015feklinde bir karar \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki \u00f6rg\u00fctler ana yap\u0131ya gev\u015fek bir \u015fekilde ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Federasyon, 1 May\u0131s 1886 tarihinde \u00fcye sendikalar\u0131 greve zorlamak i\u00e7in kendi i\u00e7 t\u00fcz\u00fcklerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, 1 May\u0131s, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin 8 saatlik m\u00fccadele g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak ilk kez bu kongrede karar alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Her ne kadar bu kongrede \u201csekiz saatin 1 May\u0131s 1886 tarihinden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere g\u00fcnl\u00fck yasal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi olarak belirlenmesi\u201d<\/span> kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ysa da bunun ne \u015fekilde eyalet yasalar\u0131na ge\u00e7irilece\u011fi kesin olarak belirlenmemi\u015fti. Ge\u00e7en zamanda, \u00f6nce sendika t\u00fcz\u00fcklerinde yap\u0131lan bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin daha sonra grevler, direni\u015fler ve g\u00f6sterilerle uygulamaya ge\u00e7irilebilece\u011fi konusunda bir ortak fikir olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

AFL’nin 8 saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele karar\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kongresinden iki y\u0131l sonra, al\u0131nan kararda kesinle\u015ftirilen 1 May\u0131s 1886 tarihinde onlarca kentte greve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. En yayg\u0131n\u0131 \u015eikago’da olmak \u00fczere, y\u00fcz binlerce \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz ve vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7iyi de kapsayarak i\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 ve meydanlarda g\u00f6steriler yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eikago, bu tarihte militan bir emek hareketine sahipti. \u015eikago’da yap\u0131lan grevler ve g\u00f6steriler, aynen di\u011fer kentlerdeki gibi ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131. Sekiz saatin kabul edilmedi\u011fi yerlerde bile, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri azalt\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu arada, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tarihinde sendika \u00f6nderleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olay\u0131 anlatmadan ge\u00e7meyelim. 3 May\u0131s’ta grevdeki Mc Cormick fabrikas\u0131na polisin vah\u015fice sald\u0131rarak alt\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesini ve onlarcas\u0131n\u0131 yaralamas\u0131n\u0131 protesto etmek \u00fczere, i\u015f\u00e7iler 4 May\u0131s’ta \u015eikago Saman Pazar\u0131nda bir protesto d\u00fczenlediler. Ancak, bu bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6steriye polisin bir kez daha sald\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucunda karga\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu esnada, nereden geldi\u011fi bilinmeyen bir bomba kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortas\u0131na at\u0131ld\u0131 ve yedi polisle d\u00f6rt i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6lmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu olay\u0131n ard\u0131ndan d\u00fczmece bir mahkeme sonucu Parsons, Spies, Fischer ve Engel adl\u0131 d\u00f6rt i\u015f\u00e7i lideri idam edildi. Onlarcas\u0131 tutukland\u0131 ve hapse at\u0131ld\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sorumlulu\u011funda olmayan bu provokasyonu kullanan d\u00f6nemin sermaye g\u00fc\u00e7leri, \u201cbiraz fazla talepte bulunan\u201d emek\u00e7ilerden bu \u015fekilde hesap sormu\u015f oldular.<\/p>\n

Ancak, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6nderlerinin as\u0131lmas\u0131, y\u00fcz binlerce i\u015f\u00e7inin politik taleplerle ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 8 saat hareketine son vermedi. Aksine, her y\u0131l art\u0131k geleneksel hale gelerek 1 May\u0131slarda grevler ve direni\u015fler artarak devam etti. Her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l bir \u00f6ncekinden daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6sterilere ve grevlere kat\u0131ld\u0131. Amerikan Emek Federasyonu, 1889 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak her 1 May\u0131sta 8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in grevler yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bu karar, do\u011fu\u015fundan itibaren daha k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hedefiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fen 1 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn eme\u011fin sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadelenin simgesi olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Birinci Enternasyonal, bilindi\u011fi gibi birka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131n ard\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonra, Paris’te, Bastil hapishanesinin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali’nin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihin y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcne denk gelen 14 Temmuz 1889 tarihinde yeniden kurulan ve sonradan \u0130kinci Enternasyonal ad\u0131n\u0131 alan Birlik, her y\u0131l\u0131n 1 May\u0131s g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc \u201ckendi siyasi partilerinde veya sendikalar\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bulunan d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin, 8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edecekleri g\u00fcn\u201d olarak belirledi. Bu tarihte her \u00fclkede sendikalar bi\u00e7imini ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 kendileri belirleyerek grevler, g\u00f6steriler ve direni\u015fler yapacaklard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, 8 saat talebi ve 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterileri uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctleri taraf\u0131ndan da benimsenmi\u015f oldu ve bu talep ilk kez bu denli uluslararas\u0131 hale gelmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdiye kadar yazd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 birka\u00e7 maddede \u00f6zetlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m:<\/p>\n